{"id":595,"date":"2025-12-06T12:04:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-06T12:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aguasamargas.com\/cleveland-arbitral-award-1888\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T15:31:09","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T15:31:09","slug":"cleveland-arbitral-award-1888","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aguasamargas.com\/en\/cleveland-arbitral-award-1888\/","title":{"rendered":"Cleveland Arbitral Award (1888)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Arbitral Award of President Grover Cleveland (1888)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>An international ruling that consolidated borders&#8230; and deepened a historical silence<\/em><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"\">The <strong>Cleveland Arbitral Award<\/strong>, issued on March 22, 1888, by the President of the United States, <strong>Grover Cleveland<\/strong>, is one of the most decisive diplomatic documents for understanding the legal and territorial history between <strong>Costa Rica and Nicaragua<\/strong>. At the request of both nations, Cleveland acted as an arbitrator to interpret the <strong>Ca\u00f1as\u2013Jerez Treaty of 1858<\/strong>, especially regarding the navigation of the San Juan River, the sovereignty of its waters, and the rights associated with its use. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"\">The ruling confirmed the full validity of the Ca\u00f1as\u2013Jerez Treaty and clarified several essential points:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Sovereignty over the San Juan River belongs to Nicaragua<\/strong>,<br\/>but <strong>Costa Rica retains navigation rights for commercial purposes<\/strong>, provided they do not transport troops or war material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Costa Rica has the right to intervene when Nicaragua intends to build <strong>canals, works, or diversion works<\/strong> that affect navigability or Costa Rican interests in the river.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Nicaragua, for its part, cannot <strong>unilaterally alter<\/strong> the natural regime of the San Juan to the detriment of Costa Rican rights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"\">This Award became the interpretative pillar of the San Juan river regime for more than a century, and continues to be cited in contemporary decisions\u2014including the Hague proceedings of the 21st century\u2014as a binding reference for both States.<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cleveland and the silence on the Transit Campaign<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"\">What is even more revealing, especially in light of the trilogy, is <strong>what the Award does NOT mention<\/strong>.<br\/>Despite being issued only 31 years after the <strong>Transit Campaign (1856-1857)<\/strong>, the ruling builds on a narrative framework where:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">the Costa Rican seizure of the steamboats,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">the temporary military control of the interoceanic corridor,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">the strategic presence of M\u00e1ximo Blanco in the San Juan,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">and the geopolitical importance of the river blockade,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"\">are <strong>completely absent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"\">This void cannot be explained by ignorance, as the United States closely followed the war of 1856\u20131857, and the Transit Route was vital to its interests. Rather, it reflected an <strong>inherited political silencing<\/strong>, initiated by the Costa Rican elites of the late 19th century and consolidated by the official narrative of the Second Republic. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"\">The books -Las<em>Aguas Amargas del San Juan<\/em>, <em>Aguas Silenciadas<\/em> and <em>La Frontera del Agua-<\/em>reconstruct precisely that dead zone of the legal and diplomatic discourse, demonstrating that the absence of the Transit Campaign in the subsequent territorial argumentation became a <strong>historical handicap<\/strong> for Costa Rica.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"\">By excluding the military and strategic dimension of 1856 from the subsequent legal account, Costa Rica faced every litigation\u2014including Cleveland&#8217;s\u2014<strong>without using one of the most powerful arguments in its own history<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A key document for understanding the trilogy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"\">Within the framework of the project:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The Bitter Waters of the San Juan<\/strong> reconstructs the historical event that was not invoked in Cleveland.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Silenced Waters<\/strong> explains how and why that narrative void occurred between the military campaign and the diplomacy of the 19th century.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The Water Border<\/strong> analyzes the consequences of that omission in subsequent disputes:<br\/>from Cleveland to The Hague, passing through the Isla Calero dispute, the interpretation of navigation, and the <highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>interoceanic canal projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"\">The Cleveland Award is, in the trilogy, <strong>the bridge between silent triumph and blind diplomacy<\/strong>, between ignored military history and the century of arbitrations that determined the fate of the San Juan.<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pgrweb.go.cr\/scij\/busqueda\/normativa\/normas\/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRM&amp;nValor1=1&amp;nValor2=42196&amp;strTipM=FN\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>\ud83d\udcc4 Down<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>load<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight> Cleveland Arbitral Awa<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>rd (1888)<\/a><\/strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><a href=\"https:\/\/aguasamargas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Laudo-Cleveland.pdf\"><em><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/strong><\/em><\/a><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/strong><\/highlight><\/em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/strong><\/highlight><\/em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><a href=\"https:\/\/aguasamargas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Laudo-Cleveland.pdf\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>Download newspaper document<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight> La<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight> <\/highlight><\/strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/strong><\/highlight><\/highlight><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\">R<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>epublic<\/highlight><\/strong><\/highlight><strong><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/strong><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/highlight><\/a><\/highlight><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>[<highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight>Click here to access the document]<\/em><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aguasamargas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/constitucion-costa-rica-1859-1.pdf\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"\"><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><highlight style=\"border-radius: 3px; background: rgb(255, 226, 63);\"><\/highlight><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Arbitral Award of President Grover Cleveland (1888) An international ruling that consolidated borders&#8230; and deepened a historical silence The Cleveland Arbitral Award, issued on March 22, 1888, by the President of the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":931,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-595","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cleveland Arbitral Award (1888) - Las Aguas Amargas del San Juan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aguasamargas.com\/en\/cleveland-arbitral-award-1888\/\" 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